Power System Quality: Analysis and Problem Solving

Concern over the “quality” of electric power has been increasing rapidly over recent years. Today’s, distribution equipment and connected loads are more sensitive to power quality variations than in the past. At the same time, more load types that contribute to poor power quality in Distribution Networks are being connected.

Audience

This course is designed for:

Electrical supervisors
Electrical Engineers
Anyone involved in the maintenance of power plants

Course objectives

Upon the successful completion of this course, each participant will be able to:

Understand the importance of Power Quality
Learn the causes of poor power quality
Study the principles for controlling voltage and frequency in power networks
Comprehend the reasons for harmonic distortion and study appropriate solutions

Course contents

Day–1:

Introduction and General Information
Defining Power Quality – Variations from acceptable conditions
Voltage
Frequency
Sinusoidal Wave Distortion – Harmonics
Significance and economic impact of inadequate power quality
Introduction to Causes of Voltage Sags and Swells
Transient
Steady State
Worked Examples and Case Studies
Introduction to Causes of Frequency Variations
Transient
Significant generation losses
Significant demand lose
Steady State Causes of Frequency Variations
Worked Examples and Case Studies
Introduction to Causes of Wave Distortions
Generator Rotor Earth Faults
Phase Angle Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters
Other Harmonic Producing Loads
Understanding Harmonics
Revision of Basic Laws of AC
Current Balance in Star Windings of Three-phase power transformers
Harmonics from Different Types of Converters
Network Examples and Discussions

Day–2:

Steady-State Voltage Control in Grid Systems affecting Distribution Networks
Effects of Line and Cable R, X, and B Values
Generating Unit Capability Charts
Alternator AVR’s and Limiters
Reactive Power Balance at Peak Loads
Reactive Power Balance at Minimum Loads
Reactive Compensation Equipment
On-load Tap-changers – Automatic Voltage Control (AVC/LTC)
Worked Examples and Case Studies
Short Circuit Conditions – Balanced and Unbalanced Faults
Earthling Policies
Circuit-breaker clearance times
Switching Over-voltages and Resonance Effects
Introduction to Power Application Software for Power Quality Analysis
Example – Real Grid Network Modeled using Power Application Software
Overview of Voltage Control in Distribution Networks with Grid Infeed(s)
With Embedded Generation
Without Embedded Generation
Overview of Voltage Control in Isolated Distribution Networks1
Network Examples and Discussions

Day–3:

SystemTopology
Three-phase (Three-wire)
Single-phase
Two-phase
Hybrid (4-wire systems)
Load typology and modeling
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Other
Distributed Loads
Spot Loads
Load Flow and Feeder Voltage Drop Profiles
Voltage Regulators
Capacitor Placement and Economic considerations
Multiple Feeder Considerations and choice of open points
Practical Solutions
Voltage Control in Industrial Networks*
Topology
Acceptable Profiles – Equipment Issues
Power Factor Correction Issues
Induction
Synchronous
Motor Starting Conditions
Under-voltage Protection issues

Day–4:

Generator Governors and Droop Settings
Effects of Loss of Generating Units
Power Frequency Constants (Kg and Kl)
Adequate Spinning Reserve Criteria
Under Frequency Protection of Generating Units
Under Frequency Load Shedding
Worked Examples and Case Studies
(Same items as above)
Worked Examples and Case Studies
Sources of Harmonics in Distribution Systems
Unbalanced Transformers
Transformer Saturation
Non-linear reactors e.g. Ballasts in Fluorescent Lighting
Equipment Thruster Control Systems e.g. Variable Speed Drives
Rectifiers
Arc Furnaces
Monitoring and Metering Issues
Online Monitoring and Computer-based systems
Example Waveforms and Discussions

Day–5:

Malfunctioning or Failure due to poor power quality
Excessive neutral current
Incorrect readings on meters
Reduced true Power Factor
Overheating in transformers
Bearing failure from shaft currents through un-insulated bearings of motors.
Generator problems
Nuisance operation of protective devices
Incorrect operation or failure of electronic equipment
Light flicker
Planning and Performing a Power Quality Survey
Locating Sources of Harmonics
Identifying unacceptable conditions
Filtering Devices
Active Power Line Conditioners
Principles for Controlling Harmonics
Modeling Harmonics and Problem Solving with Power Application Software
Converter and generalized current sources
Arc Furnaces
Passive shunt filters
Single tuned
High-pass
Double tuned
C-type.
Induction motors
Transformers
Other User Defined Filters and Sources
Worked Examples and Case Studies
Utility Distribution Networks1
Industrial Consumer Networks1
Practical Sessions1 at individual workstations using Power Application Software
Further Case Studies, Course Review, and Final Question/Answer Session
Review and Course Evaluation

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Power System Quality: Analysis and Problem Solving

Audience

Course objectives

Course contents

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